Per saperne di più

Leikin J.B. Carbon monoxide detectors and emergency physicians, Am. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1996; 14: 90-94.

NIOSH Pocket Guide, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ot the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1998.

Barret L., Danel V., Faure J. Carbon monoxide poisoning, a diagnosis frequently overlooked Clin Toxicol 1985; 23: 309-313.

Bartlett R. Carbon monoxide poisoning in: Haddad LM, Shannon MW, Winchester JF (eds). Clinical management of poisoning and drug overdose (3rd ed). WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 1998; pp. 885-898.

Cobb N, Etzel RA. Unintentional carbon monoxide related deaths in the United States, JAMA 1991; 266: 659-663. 

Meredith T, Vale A. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Br Med J 1988; 296: 77-78. 

ISTAT. Annuario statistico. Cause di morte, anni 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988. 

Goulon M, Outin H, Beydon L, Gajdos P, Samson Y, Jerbi Z. Hemiplegie au cours d’une intoxication oxycarbonée revelant des anomalies arterielles cerebrales multiples dont une arterie hypoglosse. Rev Neurol Paris 1984; 140: 353-357. 

Tomaszewski C. Carbon monoxide. In: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, Weisman RS, Howland Ma, Hoffman RS (eds). Goldfrank’s toxicologic emergencies (6th ed). Appleton & Lange, Stamford, Connecticut, USA, 1998, pp. 1551-1563.

Olson KR. Carbon monoxide. In: Olson KR (ed). Poisoning and drug overdose (3rd ed). Appleton & Lange, Stamford, Connecticut, USA, 1999, pp. 125-126.

Hardy KR, Thom SR. Pathophysiology and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994; 32: 613-629. 

Sanchez R, Fosarelli P, Felt B, Greene M, Lacovara J, Hackett F. Carbon monoxide poisoning due to automobile exposure: disparity between carboxyhemoglobin levels and symptoms of victims. Pediatrics 1988; 82: 663-666.

Sokal JA, Kralkowska E. The relationship between exposure duration, carboxyhemoglobin, blood glucose, pyruvate and lactate and the severity of intoxication in 39 cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in man. Arch Toxicol 1985; 57: 196-199.

Leikin JB. Carbon monoxide detectors and emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med 1996; 14: 90-94.

NIOSH Pocket Guide. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1998.

Buckley RG, Aks SE, Eshom JL, Rydman R, Schaider J, Shayne P. The pulse oximetry gap in carbon monoxide intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24: 252-255.

Bazeman WP, Myers RA, Barish RA. Confirmation of the pulse oximetry gap in carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30: 608-611.

Hampson NB. Pulse oximetry in severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Chest 1998; 114: 1036-1041.

Wright RO. Pulse oximetry gap in carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 525-256.

Levasseur L, Galliot-Guilley M, Richter F, Sherrmann JM, Baud FJ. Effects of mode of inhalation of carbon monoxide and of normobaric oxygen administration on carbon monoxide elimination from the blood. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996; 15: 898-903.

Jay GD, McKindley DS. Carboxyhemoglobin toxicokinetics. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6: 766-768.

Touger M, Gallagher JE, Tyrell J. Relationship between venous and arterial carboxyhemoglobin levels in patients with suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25: 481-483. 

Diaz JE, Roberts JR. Carboxyhemoglobin after blood storage. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30: 239-240.

Myers RAM. Carbon monoxide poisoning. In: Haddad LM, Winchester JF (eds). Clinical management of poisoning and drug overdose (2nd ed). WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 1990, pp. 1139-1152.

Benignus VA, Muller KE, Malott CM. Dose-effects function for carboxyhemoglobin and behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1990; 12: 111-118.

Heckerling PS, Leikin JV, Maturen A. Occult carbon monoxide poisoning: validation of a prediction model. Am J Med 1988; 84: 251-256. 

Messier LD, Myers RAM. A neuropsychological screening battery for emergency assessment of carbon monoxide poisoned patients. J Clin Psychol 1991; 47: 675-684. 

Rottman SJ. Carbon monoxide screening in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 1991; 9: 204-205.

Myers RA, Britten JS. Are arterial blood gases of value in treatment decisions for carbon monoxide poisoning? Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 139-142.

Hampson NB, Dunford RG, Kramer CC, Norkool DM. Selection criteria utilized for hyperbaric oxygen treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 227-231.

Lee SS, Choi IS, Song KS. Hematologic changes in acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Yonsei Med J 1994; 35: 245-251.

Leikin JB, Goldenberg RM, Edwards D, Zell Kantor M. Metabolic predictors of carbon monoxide poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 1988; 30: 40-42.

Penney DG. Hyperglycemia exacerbates brain damage in acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Medical Hypotheses 1988; 27: 241-244.

Takahashi M, Maemura K, Sawada Y, Sugimoto H, Ohashi N, Yoshioka T, Sugimoto T. Hyperamylasemia in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. J Trauma 1982; 22: 311-314.

Abdul Gaffar NU, Farghaly MM, Swamy AS.Acute renal failure, compartment syndrome and systemic capillary leak syndrome complicating carbon monoxide poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996; 34: 713-719. 

Shapiro AB, Maturen A, Herman G, Hryhorczuk DO, Leikin JB. Carbon monoxide and myonecrosis: a prospective study. Vet Hum Toxicol 1989; 31: 136-137.

Gandini C, Michael M, Broccolino M, Locatelli C, Travaglia A, Brenna S, Marolda L, Oriani G. Carbon monoxide poisoning and cardiac damage. Preliminary results. In: Marroni A, Oriani G, Wattel F (eds). Proceedings of the International Joint Meeting on Hyperbaric and Underwater Medicine - Milano, 4 - 8 settembre 1996. Grafica Victoria, Bologna, 1996, pp. 335-341. 

Carnevali R, Omboni E, Rossati M, Villa A, Checchini M. Alterazioni elettrocardiografiche in corso di intossicazione acuta da monossido di carbonio. Minerva Med 1987; 78: 175-178. 

Marius Nunez AL. Myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries after acute exposure to carbon monoxide. Chest 1990; 97: 491-494.

Corya BC, Black MJ, McHenry PL. Echocardiographic findings after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Br Heart J 1976; 38: 712-717.

Elkharrat D, Raphael JC, Tainturier C, Brunel D, De Truchis P, Goulon M. Angioscintigraphie cardiaque au cours de l’intoxication aiguë par oxyde de carbone. Réan Soins Intens Méd Urg 1986; 2: 61-66. 

Pach J, Hubalewska-Hola A, Huszno B, Pach D, Kroch S. Results of static myocardial perfusion scintigraphy using Tc 99m MIBI SPECT in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. XVII International Congress of the European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists - Marseille, June 4 - 7, 1996, p. 148.

Gandini C, Candura SM, Polillo C, Locatelli C, Pesenti M, Manzo L. Delayed cardiac syndrome after carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report. XII Congresso Nazionale della Società Italiana di Tossicologia, Bologna 23-26 febbraio 2000, p. 76. 

Tritapepe L, Macchiarelli G, Rocco M, Scopinaro F, Schillaci O, Martuscelli E, Motta PM. Functional and ultrastructural evidence of myocardial stunning after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 797-801.

Diltoer MW, Colle IO, Hubloue I, Ramet J, Spapen HD, Nguyen N, Huyghens LP. Reversible cardiac failure in an adolescent after prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide. Eur J Emerg Med 1995; 2: 231-235.

Turner M, Esaw M, Clark RJ. Carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen: metabolic acidosis as predictor of treatment requirements. J Accid Emerg Med 1999; 16: 96-98.

Sokal JA. The effect of exposure duration on the blood level of glucose, pyruvate and lactate in acute carbon monoxide intoxication in man. J Appl Toxicol 1985; 5: 395-397. 

Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V, Riou B, Vicaut E, Lecarpentier Y, Bourdon R, Astier A, Bismuth C. Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1761-1766.

Caravati EM, Adams CG, Joyce SM, Schafer NC. Fetal toxicity associated with maternal carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 714-717.

Koren G, Sharav T, Pastuszak A, Garrettson LK, Hill K, Samson I, Rorem M, King A, Dolgin JE. A multicenter, prospective study of fetal outcome following accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 1991; 5: 397-403.

Weaver LK. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Crit Care Clin, 1999; 15 (2): 297-317

Raphael JC, Elkharrat D, Jars-Guincestre MC, Chastang C, Chasles V, Vercken JB, Gajdos P. Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Lancet 1989; 2: 414-419. 

Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II, Clark JM, Hardy KR, Fisher AB. Delayed neurological sequelae following carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25: 474-480.

Myers RAM, Snyder SK, Emhoff TA. Subacute sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14: 1163-1167. 

Goulon M, Barois A, Rapin M, Nouailhat F, Grosbuis S, Labrousse J. Intoxication oxycarbonée et anoxie aiguë par inhalation de gaz de charbon et d'hydrocarbures: à propos de 302 cas dont 273 traités par oxygène hyperbare à 2 ATA. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1969; 120: 335-349. 

Ducassé JL, Celsis P, Marc-Vergnes JP. Non-comatose patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning: hyperbaric or normobaric oxygenation? Undersea Hyperbaric Med 1995; 22: 9-15. 

Roche L, Bertoye A, Vincent P, Motin J, Garin JP, Bolot JF, Chadenson O. Comparaison de deux groupes de vingt intoxications oxycarbonées traitées par oxygène normobare et hyperbare. Lyon Med 1968; 49: 1483-1499. 

Juurlink DN, Stanbrook MB, McGuigan MA. Hyperbaric Oxygen for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, electronic version, 2000; issue 2:, no pages.

Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS, Jones K, Cooper DJ, Millar IL, Tuxen DV. Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Med J Aust 1999; 170. 203-210.

Burney RE, Wu SC, Nemiroff MJ. Mass carbon monoxide poisoning: clinical effects and results of treatment in 184 victims. Ann Emerg Med 1982; 11: 394-399. 

Min SK. A brain syndrome associated with delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae following acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986; 73: 80-86. 

Yang ZD. Observation of hyperbaric oxygen in 160 patients with later manifestations after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. J Hyperb Med 1986; 1: 188.

Seger D, Welch L. Carbon monoxide controversies: neuropsychologic testing, mechanism of toxicity and hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24: 242-248.

Butera R, Candura SM, Locatelli C, Varango C, Li B, Manzo L. Neurological sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning: role of hyperbaric oxygen. Indoor Environ 1995; 4: 134-139.

Choi IS. Delayed neurologic sequelae in carbon monoxide intoxication. Arch Neurol 1983; 40: 433-435.

Hart IK, Kennedy PGE, Adams JH, Cunningham NE. Neurological manifestation of carbon monoxide poisoning. Postgrad Med J 1988; 64: 213-216.

Gorman DF, Clayton D, Gilligan JE, Webb RK. A longitudinal study of 100 consecutive admissions for carbon monoxide poisoning to the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Anesth Intensive Care 1992; 20: 311-316.

Denays R, Makhoul E, Dachy B, Tondeur M, Noel P, Ham HR, Mols P. Electroencephalographic mapping and 99mTc HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography in carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 24: 947-952.

Choi IS, Kim SK, Lee SS, Choi YC. Evaluation of outcome of delayed neurologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning by technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime brain single photon emission computed tomography. Eur Neurol 1995; 35: 137-142.

Gale SD, Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Bigler ED, Booth EJ, Blatter DD. MRI, quantitative MRI, SPECT, and neuropsychological findings following carbon monoxide poisoning. Brain Inj 1999; 13: 229-243.

He F, Qin J, Chen S, Pan X, Xu G, Zhang S, Fang G. Risk factors of development of delayed encefalopathy following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Indoor Environ 1992; 1: 268-271.

Smith JS, Brandon S. Morbidity from acute carbon monoxide poisoning at three-year follow-up. Br Med J 1973; 1: 318-321